Once upon a time, I was convinced that the church was the natural place for the Kingdom of God to be present. My thinking started with the belief that the Kingdom of God fundamentally concerns humans and, since humans are social creatures, the Kingdom of God must be known in community. I then assumed that the community that responded to the invitation of God to be forgiven and remade would be the place God would be known as king.
I still believe we humans are communal creatures, but I’m not sure I can take the next step to believe that churches are where God becomes king. Some of this has to do with the faithlessness of the church. At least in America, churches are extremely divided by economics and race. Throw in theological differences that have led to splits through the years and it seems that the communities gathered in most of our churches are more odd, backward sects than representative of the whole of the Kingdom of God.
If you want to argue that God starts by calling a small group of people into His story and goes from there, I’ll concede the point. It just seems to me that the churches I know are becoming smaller and more homogenous, not less. If the church is where God is King, then the realm God rules is getting ever smaller because our churches keep pushing people who make them uncomfortable out.
When Jesus told us what His ministry was about, He pointed to Isaiah 61—freedom for the slaves, liberty for the captives, sight for the blind, and good news for the poor. Of course, Isaiah isn’t just picking a few random examples. This vision evokes the idea of Jubilee. According to Torah, every 50 years debts are to be cancelled, slaves freed, and land returned to owners (every Hebrew family had a plot of land they had inherited from their forebears. According to Torah, this land could never be sold—it was the birthright of the family). This institution ensures that society remains in balance—the poor are never without hope and the rich are never without need to be wise in their dealings. Imagine how difficult it would be to establish generational wealth in an agricultural community governed by these principles.
Jubilee puts a significant ethical demand on the wealthy. They must voluntarily give up the foundation of their wealth—excess land and free labor. According to Torah, they must also continue to lend money as Jubilee approaches even though they know they are unlikely to be repaid. They must give up their excess to create the conditions necessary for the possibility—not the certainty, but the possibility—of the flourishing of their neighbors.
Jubilee makes demands on the poor as well. For those who fall victim to their own mismanagement or simply to bad luck in year one, Jubilee suggests bearing the weight of servitude as the excess of one’s labor and one’s family land creates wealth for another until the next Jubilee. Fifty years is a long time–for many, this would mean the remainder of their lives. This is palpably unfair (particularly in cases of misfortune). And yet, the creation of a date at which this servitude would end would make revolt slower to foment. Of course, should the wealthy choose to ignore Jubilee, they would be wise to expect the slaves and the landless to demand their right to a new start!
The message Jesus taught is that God has kept His obligation to Jubilee. He has set us free from sin. Not just the punishment for sin, but from investment in the ways that sin warps our society. He has set the wealthy free from their constant appetite for more and from the illusion that they must collect power and resources to enact solutions to our shared challenges. In short, God sets the wealthy free from the ways that wealth twists their humanity. In return, he expects them to create the conditions for their own ongoing freedom by setting free those who provide the economic foundation for their wealth by earning lower wages and not owning property. This is done by cancelling debts and by returning property. (Remember, in the society called into existence by Torah, everyone had a familial inheritance of land.)
Similarly, he set the poor free from the ways that they turn the injustices done against them upon another. When the wealthy accept God’s invitation to Jubilee, the poor are set free from their poverty. When the wealthy refuse to do this, Jubilee can sometimes sets even the poor free to live lives of generosity and mutuality so that relatively little can provide for the flourishing of many even in the midst of poverty.
Neither of us are so naïve or paternalistic to believe that this always happens. Sometimes when the wealthy use their excess continue to accumulate wealth instead of to enrich their neighbors, the poor are left exposed to misfortune, mistreatment, and the elements. (Sometimes this happens for other reasons as well–I’m focusing on the accumulation of wealth because of how it fits into the theme of Jubilee.) To our great shame, not everyone has enough. Far too many die as a result of our resource hoarding. Perhaps this is why Jesus suggested that those who ignore the hungry, thirst, naked, and prisoner have no place in His Kingdom… (Matt. 25) If we accept that the invitation God offers is to Jubilee, than we must also accept that we have a responsibility to give of our excess so that others may not just survive, but have access to wealth producing properties (land or a suitable equivalent in our modern economies.)
You see, if we take Jubilee seriously we find that our obligations flow backwards from our normal ways of thinking about society. Typically, most of us think about obligation flowing toward the rich and powerful. I’m obligated to my landlord, my employer, etc… However, at Jubilee our obligations are to tenants and employees. Those at the “bottom” of our socio-economic ladder are not obligated to anyone. For them Jubilee is pure gift. (Their only “obligation” is to learn to live as landowners and freed-persons.)
Of course, there are significant issues that come with translating this institution from an agricultural economy to our current techno/knowledge/consumer/still agricultural economy. Even apart from this, in a society without the concept of familial rights to land/wealth creating resources, the question of who reconceptualizes what belongs to each person and their progeny becomes more difficult. Who determines what is a sufficient inheritance? How do we grapple with the legacies of millennia of conquest and colonialism that so densely populate our histories. We are no longer a wholly patriarchal society. Nor are we matriarchal. How would property be passed from generation to generation? I’m sure you don’t need me to continue drawing the difficulties out…
Still, Jubilee suggests a couple principles that we might use to begin to imagine something better.
- Everyone should have the right to an inheritance that allows them to create wealth both for sustenance and for the enrichment of their life and family. This wealth-creating inheritance should create the possibility of setting one’s own economic agenda under normal circumstances.
- Reality is hard. Sometimes people may need to sell their labor and their wealth creating resources to survive. Others may choose to sell their labor/wealth creating resources because they prefer a life with fewer responsibilities. These possibilities should be provided for structurally.
- No individual or group should be able to indefinitely accumulate resources or power. There should be a mechanism to periodically transfer wealth creating resources back to those who sold them under the conditions listed in number two. This transfer must be free to those who have their inheritance returned to them.
- Participation in this system must be voluntary. The creation of any power to enforce Jubilee would in effect create a class of enforcers who would be entrusted with power over the system and thus the power to bend the system to their benefit.
- That said, we might expect the disinherited to gather together to consider ways of getting their inheritance back should the wealthy ignore Jubilee.
- This is not just economic. Forgiveness of our own sin and for sins against us also follow Jubilee principles. If God decrees that all things are set right, who are we to hold on to our right to retribution against another? (See Matt. 18) Historically the church has preached forgiveness but divorced the principle from economics in a way that I believe weakens and distorts the gospel… The Kingdom of God must include the economic as well as the spiritual.
Of course, I’m letting my idealism lead here for a moment. I’m curious what y’all think. First, do you see Jubilee in the background of what Jesus taught/announced when He talked about the Kingdom of God? Are there any ways you see Him adding to and taking away from the ideas I’ve sketched here?
Second, are there any other principles you would add to my little list at the end of this post? (I threw mine together off the top of my head, so I’m sure I missed something important.) Is this something that could ever work in an “real life” human society? Are there elements of this that could be implemented within our current governmental structures without requiring a complete rewrite of our economic and legal systems?
I suppose I said some things that some will disagree with regarding the church and the Kingdom of God as well—feel free to respond to that too. My thoughts here were primed by reading Donald Kraybill’s The Upside Down Kingdom—particularly chapter 5. As ever, thanks for reading. I appreciate y’all.